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          <h1 id="记忆"><a href="#记忆" class="headerlink" title="记忆"></a>记忆</h1><h2 id="记忆的概念"><a href="#记忆的概念" class="headerlink" title="记忆的概念"></a>记忆的概念</h2><p>对过去的经验的保持和再现。</p>
<h2 id="记忆的品质"><a href="#记忆的品质" class="headerlink" title="记忆的品质"></a>记忆的品质</h2><h3 id="敏捷性"><a href="#敏捷性" class="headerlink" title="敏捷性"></a>敏捷性</h3><p>记忆的速度和品质，就是记东西的速度。</p>
<h3 id="持久性"><a href="#持久性" class="headerlink" title="持久性"></a>持久性</h3><p>持久记忆品质，就是能够不遗忘，</p>
<h3 id="准确性"><a href="#准确性" class="headerlink" title="准确性"></a>准确性</h3><p>记忆的东西准确，没错误</p>
<h3 id="准备性"><a href="#准备性" class="headerlink" title="准备性"></a>准备性</h3><p>能从记忆中提取到解决问题所需要的知识。</p>
<h2 id="记忆的分类"><a href="#记忆的分类" class="headerlink" title="记忆的分类"></a>记忆的分类</h2><h3 id="瞬时记忆"><a href="#瞬时记忆" class="headerlink" title="瞬时记忆"></a>瞬时记忆</h3><p>瞬时记忆，就是感官刺激够后短时间保持的印象。</p>
<p>特点是：保存时间短，记忆鲜明，容量大，信息原石。</p>
<p>主要是图像编码。</p>
<h3 id="短时记忆"><a href="#短时记忆" class="headerlink" title="短时记忆"></a>短时记忆</h3><p>短时记忆，一分钟以内的处理加工的记忆，是瞬时记忆到长时记忆的过度。</p>
<p>特点是，保存时间短吗。记忆容量有限，通常是7+-2个数据快，意识清晰，服务于当前处理的事情，操作性强，易受到干扰，</p>
<p>听觉编码是短时记忆的主要编码，主要通过复述的形式实现，复述有机器式的复述和精细式的复数，机器的复述是简单的重复功能，这种记忆方式低效，精细的复述是指吧当前复述的信息，分析处理，和已有的知识形成联系，保存起来。</p>
<p>短时记忆是长时记忆的必要条件，没有经过复述的短时记忆是没办法进入到长时记忆的。</p>
<h3 id="长时记忆"><a href="#长时记忆" class="headerlink" title="长时记忆"></a>长时记忆</h3><p>长时记忆，是指信息经过分类处理，联系，长期记忆在大脑中，时间长度包括，长于1分钟，几天，几周，甚至终身。</p>
<p>特点是：容量无限，保存时间长。</p>
<p>其编码形式有两种，语义编码和表象编码。语义编码是长时记忆的主要编码形式。</p>
<h3 id="形象记忆，逻辑记忆，情绪记忆，动作记忆"><a href="#形象记忆，逻辑记忆，情绪记忆，动作记忆" class="headerlink" title="形象记忆，逻辑记忆，情绪记忆，动作记忆"></a>形象记忆，逻辑记忆，情绪记忆，动作记忆</h3><p>形象记忆；感知的事物形象的记忆</p>
<p>逻辑记忆：事物的概念，性质，特点，以事物的关系，</p>
<p>情绪记忆：以自己的某种情感为内容的记忆。</p>
<p>动作记忆：自己反复练习的动作记忆。</p>
<h3 id="程序性记忆和陈述性记忆"><a href="#程序性记忆和陈述性记忆" class="headerlink" title="程序性记忆和陈述性记忆"></a>程序性记忆和陈述性记忆</h3><p>陈述性记忆是指，陈述的实事，理论，可以语言描述的知识，</p>
<p>程序性记忆是指，解决方案的方法，方式，需要通过反复尝试练习才能得到的。</p>
<p><code>例如，你在学习游泳之前就已经读过了相关的书籍，你已经知道了相关的要领，但是还是要在练习中才能掌握， 你从书中获得的知识就是陈述性知识，而你从练习中获得知识就是程序性知识。</code></p>
<h3 id="内隐记忆和外显记忆"><a href="#内隐记忆和外显记忆" class="headerlink" title="内隐记忆和外显记忆"></a>内隐记忆和外显记忆</h3><p>内隐记忆是指你在无意识中学习到经验。</p>
<p><code>例如你打字时候可以不看键盘，但是你无法在不看键盘的情况下具体的说出那个键的位置。</code></p>
<p>外显记忆时指有意识的作用下学到的经验。</p>
<h2 id="记忆的过程"><a href="#记忆的过程" class="headerlink" title="记忆的过程"></a>记忆的过程</h2><p>记忆过程是：识记，保存，再现；类似信息的编码，存储，和提取。</p>
<h3 id="识记"><a href="#识记" class="headerlink" title="识记"></a>识记</h3><p>识记 是记忆过程中第一个形式，是对知识的获取的最初形式，只有有意识对那些感官刺激注意到，才能被记忆。</p>
<p>根据有无目的可以分为，有意识和无意识</p>
<p>无意识，没有目的，也不需要个人的努力去记忆。</p>
<p>有意识，有目的，并且自己意志的努力去记忆。</p>
<p>根据记忆的材料和方式可以分为 机械识记和意义识记</p>
<p>机械识记是指死记硬背，对于一些没有联系的知识处理。</p>
<p>意义识记是指分析知识的内在联系，和已经学的知识建立关联，更加容易记忆， 是记忆的主要部分。</p>
<h3 id="保持"><a href="#保持" class="headerlink" title="保持"></a>保持</h3><p>保持是把信息保留在大脑中，是一个动态的过程，在这过程中，遗忘和对记忆内容的变化是主要部分，主要体现在遗忘的数量和对记忆内容的错误。</p>
<h3 id="再现"><a href="#再现" class="headerlink" title="再现"></a>再现</h3><p>分在在认和回忆。</p>
<p>在认是在认识到过去知道的事物。</p>
<p>回忆是指事物不在眼前依旧能够在大脑里回忆起来。</p>
<h2 id="遗忘"><a href="#遗忘" class="headerlink" title="遗忘"></a>遗忘</h2><h3 id="遗忘的概念"><a href="#遗忘的概念" class="headerlink" title="遗忘的概念"></a>遗忘的概念</h3><p>是指不能够回忆或者再认，对于记忆的信息丢失或者回忆起错误的信息，</p>
<h3 id="遗忘的规律"><a href="#遗忘的规律" class="headerlink" title="遗忘的规律"></a>遗忘的规律</h3><p>艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线</p>
<p>特点是：最初遗忘很快，但是只会遗忘会很慢，渐渐不会遗忘。先快后慢，出现负加速型。</p>
<h3 id="影像遗忘的进程的因素"><a href="#影像遗忘的进程的因素" class="headerlink" title="影像遗忘的进程的因素"></a>影像遗忘的进程的因素</h3><ol>
<li><p>识记材料的性质和属性。</p>
<p>识记材料数量，长度，难度，意义性，一般数量少的比数量多的难遗忘，长度短的长度长的难遗忘。难度低的比难度高的难遗忘。有意义的比抽象的难遗忘。</p>
</li>
<li><p>学习的程度</p>
<p>对学习材料的时间和次数，太多或者太少都不利于记忆。</p>
</li>
<li><p>记忆任务的长久性记忆和记忆材料的重要性</p>
<p>长久记忆的内容更加容易在大脑中长期保持，不重要和不复习的材料更加容易遗忘。</p>
</li>
<li><p>识记的方法</p>
<p>有意义的识记要比没有意义的机械识记更加有帮组。</p>
</li>
<li><p>时间要素</p>
<p>刚开始遗忘快，之后遗忘慢，随时间保持减少。</p>
</li>
<li><p>识记者的态度。</p>
<p>根据人们的需要和心理，兴趣等等影响记忆</p>
</li>
<li><p>识记材料的系列位置</p>
<p>回忆信息时候，对于材料的顺序有着重要的关系，如果对于最后的材料记忆更加牢固就是就近效应。如果对于刚开始的材料记忆清晰，就是首因效应。位置关系对记忆的影响叫做系列位置效应。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="遗忘的原因"><a href="#遗忘的原因" class="headerlink" title="遗忘的原因"></a>遗忘的原因</h2><h3 id="痕迹消退说"><a href="#痕迹消退说" class="headerlink" title="痕迹消退说"></a>痕迹消退说</h3><p>是说不复习就会遗忘，</p>
<h3 id="干扰说"><a href="#干扰说" class="headerlink" title="干扰说"></a>干扰说</h3><p>是指学习和回忆之间受到了干扰，消除干扰记忆就能恢复。</p>
<p>前摄抑制：是指先学习的材料对和学习材料的抑制。</p>
<p>后摄抑制：后学习的材料对先学习材料记忆的抑制。</p>
<h3 id="压抑说"><a href="#压抑说" class="headerlink" title="压抑说"></a>压抑说</h3><p>记忆相关的情绪导致不愿意回忆当时的情景，当解除了这种情绪就能回忆起来当时的情况。</p>
<h3 id="信息提取失败说"><a href="#信息提取失败说" class="headerlink" title="信息提取失败说"></a>信息提取失败说</h3><p>是指你要回忆信息时候，将只是从到大脑提取出来时候提取失败，一旦有了正确的线索就可以回忆起信息，</p>
<h3 id="同化说"><a href="#同化说" class="headerlink" title="同化说"></a>同化说</h3><p>分为积极的遗忘。和消极的遗忘。</p>
<p>积极的遗忘是指学会了更高级的更加概括的知识，从而替代了原有的低级的知识。</p>
<p>消极的遗忘是指，新旧知识混淆，导致出错。</p>
<h2 id="记忆规律在教学中的应用"><a href="#记忆规律在教学中的应用" class="headerlink" title="记忆规律在教学中的应用"></a>记忆规律在教学中的应用</h2><h3 id="依据记忆规律和合理安排和组织教学"><a href="#依据记忆规律和合理安排和组织教学" class="headerlink" title="依据记忆规律和合理安排和组织教学"></a>依据记忆规律和合理安排和组织教学</h3><p>1.合理安排教学，避免相近性质的课安排到一起，使得同学可以休息。</p>
<p>2.向学生提出具体的识记任务：让学生知道该记什么，记到什么程度、</p>
<p>3.使学生处于良好的情绪和注意状态；轻松愉快良好的环境有助于记忆。</p>
<p>4.充分利用无意识识记的规律组织教学。调用学生无意识的识记，可以记住更多的内容。</p>
<p>5.使学生理解内容并系统化，不要让学生死记硬背，而是要建立知识的联系帮组记忆。</p>
<p>6.培养学生良好的品质，提高记忆能力：通过合理的任务和安排锻炼学生的识记能力。</p>
<h3 id="有效组织复习的方法"><a href="#有效组织复习的方法" class="headerlink" title="有效组织复习的方法"></a>有效组织复习的方法</h3><p>1.及时复习：遗忘是先快侯曼的， 在刚开始就进行复习是有效的手段。</p>
<p>2.合理安排复习时间：合理安排集中复习和分散复习，分散复习的效果要好于集中复习，要合理制定复习内容和复习计划。</p>
<p>3.复习方式多样化：复习采用多样化的方式，能提高新颖，使得学生更加愿意复习，同时多个角度的复习，也有有助于练习和记忆。</p>
<p>4.运用多种感官复习：采用过个感官复习更加能够留下痕迹，使得更加容易记忆。</p>
<p>5.尝试回忆和反复识记相结合：就是在知识还未掌握之前，通过回忆的方式找到不足，然后在加强识记，是有效的复习手段。</p>
<p>6.掌握复习的量：复习的数量要合适，不能太多，提倡过度的学习，是指复习的次数可以变多，但是也不是越多越好，研究表明150%的复习是好的，过多的过度复习会导致厌倦的情绪。</p>

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  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/aplayer/dist/APlayer.min.css">
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<!-- require MetingJS -->
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/meting@2/dist/Meting.min.js"></script>
<style>
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</style>
<meting-js

    id="104367284"

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    volume="0.7"

    mutex="true"

</meting-js>
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      } else {
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      }
    })
  });
</script>
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